Traditional Masks
Sri Lanka has inherited and been influenced by these traditions of mask making and devil dancing mainly from the cities of Kerala and Malabar in India while Sri Lankan artisans have managed to incorporate more decorative techniques and colour in the masks that are manufactured today.
Traditional Masks
Sri Lanka has inherited and been influenced by these traditions of mask making and devil dancing mainly from the cities of Kerala and Malabar in India while Sri Lankan artisans have managed to incorporate more decorative techniques and colour in the masks that are manufactured today.
Traditional Masks
Sri Lanka has inherited and been influenced by these traditions of mask making and devil dancing mainly from the cities of Kerala and Malabar in India while Sri Lankan artisans have managed to incorporate more decorative techniques and colour in the masks that are manufactured today.
萨尼面具
萨尼面具 萨尼面具主要用于治疗仪式,由一个edura(斯里兰卡的一种艺术家/驱魔人)佩戴。显然,有18种不同的萨尼面具,每种面具专门治疗特定的疾病。
Sanni yakuma,有时也称为Daha ata sanniya,是一种传统的 僧伽罗 驱魔仪式。该仪式由18个面具舞蹈组成,每个舞蹈都表现一种影响人类的特定疾病或病痛。这18个舞蹈是Pahatharata,或低地区舞蹈形式的主要舞蹈之一,它是斯里兰卡三大舞蹈形式之一。该仪式召唤那些被认为影响病人的恶魔,并告诉它们不要再打扰人类,然后将它们驱逐出去。
人们相信疾病是由恶魔带给人类的,这些信仰和仪式可能有史前的根源。根据民间传说,在Sanni Yakuma中描绘的18个恶魔源自佛陀时代。故事说,Vaishali的Licchavis王国的国王怀疑他的王后通奸,并命令她被杀。然而,在她被处决时,她怀孕并生下了一个孩子,这个孩子变成了Kola Sanniya,成长为“以母亲的尸体为食”。Kola Sanni恶魔摧毁了城市,寻求复仇,对象是他的父亲——国王。他创造了十八块毒药并将它们施加魔力,使它们变成恶魔,帮助他摧毁城市。他们杀死了国王,并继续“每天杀死和吃掉成千上万的人”,直到最终被佛陀制服,并同意停止伤害人类。
这些恶魔中的每一个都被认为以疾病的形式影响人类,而Sanni Yakuma仪式召唤这些恶魔,并在控制它们后将它们驱逐回恶魔世界。虽然不清楚这一仪式何时开始,但自古以来它就在该国的南部和西部地区进行。
该仪式的名称来自 僧伽罗 词汇sanniya,意味着疾病或病痛,yakuma意味着恶魔仪式。在 斯里兰卡 文化中,驱魔仪式被称为tovil。Sanni Yakuma可能是该国最著名的驱魔仪式。它是传统关于精灵的信仰与佛教的结合。在进行治疗仪式之前,主要执行者,称为yakadura,会判断病人是否受恶魔影响,并安排在吉日吉时进行仪式,通常从黄昏到黎明。Edura或Yakadura是巫医治疗师,通常是渔民、鼓手或农民。该仪式有两个主要阶段,即Ata Paliya和Daha Ata Sanniya。舞者们穿着色彩鲜艳的服饰和面具,跳着迅速而复杂的 舞蹈 步伐和旋转,伴随着节奏感强的鼓点。舞台上,鼓手和恶魔之间发生了一些滑稽而有些猥亵的对话,恶魔因此被羞辱。
资源
- Sri Lankan sanni masks: an ancient classification of disease by Mark S Bailey, H Janaka de Silva
- Traditional Masks of Sri Lanka - History, functions and present use by Danushi De Silva
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Deva SanniyaCauses measles, mumps, small pox, typhoid fever and cholera.
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Vatha SanniyaCauses diseases caused by air in the body, also paralyses.
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Ginijala SanniyaCauses heat similar to fire in the body and burning sensation.
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Pith SanniyaCauses diseases of the bile.
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Amukku SanniyaCauses stomach pain vomiting.
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Abhutha SanniyaBecoming unconscious or fainting
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Naga SanniyaThe vision of the demon causes poison like cobra poison in the body blister, swellings.
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Murthu SanniyaCauses absentmindedness: sweating, burning sensations and such like symptoms of illness.
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Demala SanniyaCauses talking nonsense, and mispronouncing Tamil words when speaking.
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Kora SanniyaCauses lame limbs, swollen joints.
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Golu SanniyaCauses temporary dumbness.
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Butha SanniyaCauses temporary madness.
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Kana SanniyaCauses temporary blindness.
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Jala SanniyaCauses unbearable cold and shivering.
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Bihiri SanniyaCauses temporary deafness.
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Vedi SanniyaCaused by disturbance of bile juice and phlegm.
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Maru SanniyaHealing and blessing in which 18 kinds of maladies, inflicted by devils.
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Gulma SanniyaCauses diarrhea, weakening of body, development of boils in the intestine